Source: The State Russian museum, St. Petersburg. By the middle of the 19th century, balls were widely arranged not only in Petersburg and Moscow, where thousands were held every year, but in ...

as if it’s the victims’ responsibility to avoid risk of escalation by doing whatever Russia tells them to. As the 19th century Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz wrote ...

By the 19th and 20th centuries, antisemitism had become deeply ingrained in European culture, fueled by Christian theology, nationalist movements, and economic scapegoating. These factors played a ...

In 2014, after Vla­dimir Putin invaded and annexed Crimea, I described him as “an existential threat to civilisation and an ...