Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae are rare, but serious, vascular anomalies which may develop following traumatic injury to the skull base. Fractures or the shearing forces of severe head trauma may ...

Cavernous sinus hemangiomas are rare, benign vascular tumours situated within the cavernous sinus, an anatomically complex region housing critical neurovascular structures. Their highly vascular ...

A 57-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with a left red eye of five months’ duration. A dull ache had recently developed behind that eye, but the patient had not experienced ...

Blood clots are usually a bodily response to injury, but often, their formation is unwarranted. In either circumstance, the clot is unlikely to cause trouble so long as it remains still and allows ...

Prone position is commonly used in orthopaedic and neurosurgical procedures. Although there is high risk of systemic complications, 1 ocular complications are relatively rare. We present here a case ...

A cavernous malformation, also known as a cavernous angioma, is a cluster of enlarged and irregular blood vessels (termed as ‘caverns’) that are filled with blood and lined with endothelium. These ...

A 72 year-old man sustained a gunshot wound to the face while hunting. On examination, the left eye was proptotic with engorged veins around the eye. A loud bruit was heard over the left eye. Carotid ...