An S4 heart sound is a low-pitched sound that occurs toward the end of the diastole. In some cases, an underlying health condition, often one affecting the left ventricle, may cause the S4 heart sound ...

The S3 heart sound occurs as the mitral valve opens and allows blood to fill the left ventricle passively. The sound happens as a result of blood striking the left ventricle during early diastole. An ...

Cardiovascular diseases remain a global health crisis, spurring an urgent demand for innovative diagnostic tools that enable early detection and effective treatment. Wearable heart sound devices ...

Aortic valve stenosis occurs when the aortic valve narrows, constricting blood flow from the heart through the artery and to the entire body. In severe cases, it can lead to heart failure. Identifying ...

Although the esophageal stethoscope is used for continuous auscultation during general anesthesia, few studies have investigated phonocardiographic data as a continuous hemodynamic index. In this ...

Heart activity monitoring using non-electrical principles is becoming more and more popular due to many advantages in applications such as telemedicine, whole-day monitoring, easy-to-use sensors or ...