We review the “production approach” to estimating markups—the ratio of price to marginal cost. Paired with increasingly rich ...

Contrary to this assumption, we document that underemployment of quasi-fixed inputs or low capacity utilization rates (CUR) is common across firms, especially in poor countries. Low CURs are ...

We introduce a new type of production function, called approximate Cobb-Douglas function, by a perturbation of Euler's partial differential equation characterizing homogeneous function. We show that ...

Create Citation More formats on IMF eLibrary Order a Print Copy The labor share has been declining in the United States, and especially so in manufacturing. This paper investigates the role of capital ...

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years to develop management alternatives for wheat cultivars (salt-tolerant and salt non-tolerant) cultivated under irrigated saline environment ...